Victoria Toensing, a former Justice Department official and chief counsel for the Senate Intelligence Committee, has some comments about the NSA surveillance program.
In Article II, the Constitution establishes the president as commander in chief. As such he has inherent authority to conduct warrantless surveillance for the purpose of acquiring foreign intelligence information. He does not have the authority to close banks, seize steel mills, or raise our taxes; he does have it to get battlefield information about an enemy who has killed thousands of us on our soil and threatens to do so again.
No court opinion denies this constitutional authority to the president. All federal appellate courts that have considered the issue, including the FISA appeals court, have recognized such authority. The Supreme Court, over three decades ago, emphatically specified in the Keith case that it would leave this issue to another day. In doing so, the Court provided a clear indication that foreign surveillance is not domestic surveillance.
The Keith Court held that the president does not have authority to conduct warrantless searches of entities that are “domestic,” i.e., where “[t]here is no evidence of any involvement, directly or indirectly of a foreign power.” This decision, the Court stressed, makes “no judgment on the scope of the president’s surveillance power with respect to the activities of foreign powers, within or without this country.”
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